intro

The world of photography started at the very beginning of the 19th century. Mostly over a period of one hundred years, from the eighteen hundreds to the nineteen hundreds, is when the first cameras and processes were invented. Before anything involving photography was invented, the first invention was photosensitive paper in 1727 that would later on, in 1827 produce black and white photos. Although, before that image was created, the Camera Lucida was invented in 1807 by William Hyde Wollaston. In 1827 Joseph Nicephore Niepce produced that first image, even if it didn’t last long, using a heliograph. In 1829 Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre joined a partnership with Joeseph Nicephore Niepce and through that in 1837 a process called the Daguerreotype was invented to develop photos. A few years later in 1839 it was William Talbot who stumbled upon what he called “little boxes” and a method of photogenic drawing. In the same year a new process was introduced by Fox Talbot called the Calotype process. In 1840 the first patented photographic called the Daguerreotype camera was invented by Alexander Wolcott.
As the inventions kept coming, there were those who actually used the cameras and process for a specific purpose. For example, Matthew B. Brady who was a civil war photographer in the mid eighteen hundreds. Another camera that was newly invented was the pinhole camera in 1850. Another early photographer was Roger Fenton who traveled abroad to photograph war around 1852. George Eastman was a hard worker that discovered his love for photography and in 1880 invented a dry plate formula and machine to encourage the process, as well as producing the first Kodak brand name camera in 1888. Edward Steichen was one of the first fashion photographers during the time period during the late eighteen hundreds into the early nineteen hundreds. As the time period went on, more new and better cameras with better lenses were to be invented, including the 35 millimeter which was invented in 1912 by Oskar Barnack. The complex world of photography had started early in the eighteen hundreds which is evident by looking at the evolution of the camera, and processes.

New thesis and outline

Thesis
The complex world of photography had started early in the eighteen hundreds which is evident by looking at the evolution of the camera, and processes.

Oldest to newest
Origen of Black and White – 1727 (paper), 1826 (image)
The Camera Lucida – 1807
Joseph Nicephore Niepce- 1827 or 1822 first image
Louis Daguerre- 1837- daguerreotype process
William Talbot- 1839 (little boxes) (photogenic drawing)
The Calotype process- 1839 process of developing images
Alexander Wolcott- 1840 daguerreotype camera
Matthew B. Brady- 1844 opened exhibit 1862 displayed war photos
Pinhole camera- 1850 first photograph taken with pinhole camera
Robert/Roger Fenton- 1852 war photographer
George Eastman- 1880 invented dry plate
GE part 2-1888 first Kodak camera
Brownies- late 1800’s Kodak camera
Edward Steichen- 1895 through 1919 CHECK DATES
35mm developed- 1912-1913

Weaknesses

The major weakness I'll have in my research paper is flow. My current posts are mostly about inventions and firsts. I am still confused on how to put the paragraphs together in a way that will make good sense. As of right now they aren't grouped in a way that will allow me to write my paper in a timeline sense, which is ideal. I need to do some more research and organize my paragraphs by date to help me make more sense of how it will all flow together. I also have some information about a few random things that have to do with photography and don't exactly fit into the categories I have chosen, meaning I will have to research more on how to incorporate them.

Rough outline

Cameras I
I. 35mm is developed
II. The brownie- camera
III. The camera lucida
IV. Pinhole camera
V. Alexander Wolcott
VI. William Talbot- “little boxes” created smaller images in smaller time

Firsts II
I. Edward Steichen- 1st fashion photographer
II. Matthew b brady, civil war photographer
III. Robert fenton- one of the first war photographers
IV. Joseph nicephore niepce- first image
V. Alexander Wolcott- first patented camera

People III
I. Louis Jacques mande Daguerre- reduced exposure time
II. William Talbot- “little boxes” created smaller images in smaller time

Extra IV.
I. Calotype process
II. Origin of black and white photos
III. George Eastman- invented Kodak

Thesis

The complex world of photography started in the early 1800's (check) and has evolved over time by looking at the camera, techiniques, and style of photographs.

35mm is Developed

The 35 millimeter camera also known as the “candid” camera was developed by Oskar Barnack. In 1905 Oskar Barnack had the idea of reducing the format of the negatives and then enlarging the photographs after they had been through the exposure. Oskar was the development manager at Leica where he was able to test his theory and put it into practice. The world’s first 35 millimeter camera was produced by Oskar taking an instrument for taking exposure samples for cinema film and turning it into the “Ur Leica”. This was creater by Oskar Barnack in 1912 to 1913. In the 35 millimeter the supply and take-up spools were 25 mm in diameter and the shutter used was a cloth roller blind type. Oskar intended this invention to be used for his own personal use. The invention grabbed the attention of Ernst Leitz Jr. and he tried contacting Oskar in 1914 to try and patent the product. Ernst was unsuccessful because Oskar Barnack stayed true to his word when he said it was strictly for his personal use. With his small prototype of a camera Oskar had begun documenting events in his hometown in 1914. Oskar’s success with the first Leica camera continued on throughout the years where he became more successful from the invention of more cameras. Leica A cameras went on sale in 1925 where photographers were the ones to buy the cameras and make ‘quick use’ of them. In 1932 there were already 90,000 of the Leica cameras being used.

http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl35.htm
http://www.answers.com/topic/ur-leica
http://us.leica-camera.com/culture/history/leica_products/

The Brownie

The brownie was first invented by Franklin A. Brownell for the company Kodak. The materials that were used to build the camera didn’t cost much and the camera was sold for just about one dollar. Because the cost was low the camera was manufactured in large quantities. Just in the first year there were one hundred and fifty thousand cameras shipped which was three times what was previously sold. With the invention of the Brownie in the late 1800’s it was possible for anyone from kids to the elderly t to take pictures that were known as snapshots. Snapshot is a term which was meant to shoot from the hip without careful aim. The snapshot became popular the same time the Brownie was put into the market. The snapshot is amateur and was used for capturing special occasions like birthdays, holidays, everyday life, etc. The Brownie was mostly aimed for the child’s market and was named after little characters that were created by Palmer Cox who was a children’s author and illustrator. He had Brownie characters that were as popular as Mickey Mouse today. Palmer’s Brownie characters appeared in everything from magazines, candles, coffee, ice cream, painkillers, etc. Putting the characters on items helped sell them faster and more efficiently. The Brownie characters were also marketed as dolls, games, puzzles, and trading cards. Because there was so much success in the character items, naming the camera after the Brownie characters helped boost the success of the camera.
http://www.kodak.com/US/en/corp/features/brownieCam/

George Eastman Part 2

At first George Eastman’s idea was to use a lighter and more flexible support than glass, and he coated the photographic emulsion on paper and then loaded the paper in a roll holder. The view holder was used in view cameras in place of the holders for glass plates. His work was successful with some minor changes like changing the paper, which wasn’t working out due to reproducing grain from the paper onto the image. He then came up with the idea to coat the paper with a gelatin followed by a layer of insoluble light-sensitive gelatin. After the exposure and development the gel bearing the image was then stripped from the paper, transferred to a new sheet of clear gel, and then varnished with collodion (which was a cellulose solution that forms a tough yet flexible film). The transparent roll film and roll holder were finally perfected. Eastman’s goal in all this was to make the camera more convenient for the average Joe so that photography would become more popular. He realized to spread the word he would need to take a big step in advertising. His first major slogan that he bought was, “’you press the button, we do the rest.’” The same year that he trademarked this slogan was also the year that he introduced the first Kodak camera in 1888. The word started to get out about Kodak and was advertised greatly in London which was a really big step for the company. It was said that the name ‘Kodak’ was just invented out of thin air from George Eastman’s thoughts, but today it is known around the world.
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/historyOfKodak/eastmanTheMan.jhtml

George Eastman Part 1

George Eastman was in a struggling family, with no father, that needed support in terms of money. In order for him to do that he had to become a high school dropout in order to start working at the age of fourteen. George bought his first camera, at the age of twenty four, when a coworker of his suggested that he document his vacation to Santo Domingo. The camera included and outfit in order to carry around all of the supplies and parts needed for the camera and to later develop the photographs. He didn’t end up making his vacation but did discover his love for photography. Through this he realized what a complicated process it was to develop a picture and was then determined to make the process simpler. He started off by making gelatin emulsions which he read about in British magazines. His mother had said that George would stay up so late working on this process that he couldn’t even make it to bed some night and would fall asleep on the kitchen floor next to his working area. After three years of hard work, long nights, and endless experiments Eastman finally had figured out a formula that worked. By 1880 he had invented a dry plate formula and a machine that could prepare a large number of the plates and then had the idea that others would want to use his methods and thought to make some for sale. In the same year George started his own small business selling the plates that eventually grew into a much larger company
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/corp/historyOfKodak/eastmanTheMan.jhtml

Matthew B. Brady, Civil War Photographer

When Matthew B. Brady was young he moved to New York and studied photography in the free time that he had. Apparently Brady had found his calling in the field of photography because in 1844 he had opened his own studio of photography right in New York. He photographed a lot of famous people, done in portraits and said, “’.. I regarded myself as under obligation to my country to preserve the facts of its historic men and mothers.’” Matthew Brady was one of the first ever photographers to use his photography to document national history chronologically. Just as his portrait photography was at it’s highest he tried a different approach and turned his attention to Civil War photography. Brady planned to gather a group of photographers that would follow the troops in the battle field in order to document the war on a larger scale. Due to this method ‘his’ pictures, weren’t actually his, just his idea with him behind them. Though he did not take the pictures he was the working behind it all. He was the one that worked behind the scenes to preserve the negatives that the group of photographers had taken as well as to manage the films, cameras, etc. When the work was printed there was the issue of how to print as the actually photographers names or Brady’s name. In the end the result was that the photographs were “credited ‘Photographed by Brady’” even though the work was not taken by him. In 1862 he displayed the pictures in his gallery which allowed America to finally see how gruesome the war actually was, and not glorified at all. Although America was intrigued by the reality of war they weren’t interested in purchasing his work which led to Brady going bankrupt. Matthew risked his life and changed his entire lifestyle to show the world what they were unable to see in the war and to him that was all worth it.

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/cwphtml/cwbrady.html

Edward Steichen

Edward Steichen, born in 1879, was one of the first ever fashion photographer. He had the talent to turn the work of ordinary photography and give it an edge. He put more thought into his photography to make it an art form. Through the years he was always interested in art and the new beginning processes of photography. In 1888 he left school to work at a lithographing company. He bought his first camera in 1895 and just three years later he was accepted at the Second Philadelphia Salon of Pictorial Photography. On his way to study painting in Paris he stopped in New York and was introduced to Alfred Stieglitz, who was an American photographer leading a movement that would help other people recognize that photography was fine art. They became close friends and cofounded the Photo-Secession. The Photo-Secession was an organization that they dedicated to making sure photography was known as a fine art, and also to exhibit one of their galleries. During world war I he was in charge of all aerial photography of the America Expedition Force, and in 1919 retired as lieutenant colonel and settled down in France. Later he returned to America and opened a commercial studio in New York which specialized in advertising photography. In the 1920’s he produced fashion illustration, which was new, as well as portraiture for magazines such as Vanity Fair and Vogue. He closed his studio in 1938 to breed plants, and was then called back to command all Navy combat photography. When he was 68 years old he was named the director of photography at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. His largest and most famous exhibit was titles “The Family of Man” containing 503 photographs and was later put into a book that became a best seller. He was a large part in promoting the artistic side that photography has to offer and continued to achieve major accomplishments throughout his lifetime.

http://www.bookrags.com/biography/edward-steichen/

Ideas

1st point & shoot camera
1st DSLR camera
film to digital
1st film camera
early photographs and how the styles differ from today
early war photographers, what did they photograph?
invention of the lens --> telescope lens?
box camera? (stick figure drawing from class)
dark room process
who's idea was the dark room
1st photograph with a purpose, no just 1st image
1st picture of president, who photographed it?
1st fashion photographer
styles differ, east, south, north, west
styles evolve over time
box camera
the sutton
stereoscope viwer

The Calotype process

The Calotype process was a positive/negative process that wasn’t introduced until 1841 and stayed popular for the next ten years. The process was introduced by Fox Talbot who devised the process and showed his results at the Royal Institution in 1839. When using the term Calotype it strictly refers to the negative image, but commonly it is taken to mean both, positive and negative. A piece of paper was brushed with a light salt solution, dried, and then brushed with a thin silver nitrate solution, then dried again, creating silver chloride in the paper. By doing this the paper becomes sensitive to light and is then ready for exposure. Doing so takes about a half hour for a print our image look. In 1844 Fox Talbot opened a photography establishment in Reading in order for him to mass produce his images. In order to make a print the negative was placed on top of more photo paper, laid down flat in a glass frame and then allowed to develop in the light of the sun.
http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/calotype.htm

Orgin of Black and White Photography

Black and White photography is a number of monochrome forms in visual art. Monochrome means one color which is a combination of alone/solitary and color. In 1727 Professor J. Schulze mixed chalk, nitric acid, and silver in a flask, and stumbled upon the first photosensitive compound ever created. Later on Nicéphore Niépce combines the camera obscura with photosensitive paper and created a permanent image in 1826. Black and white dominated photography until about the twentieth century when color photographs became popular. Taking photographs planned in black and white is a lot more difficult than setting up a colored shot. In black and white there are a lot more elements that need to be thought about and carefully planned. Elements such as exposure of light and shadows have a greater effect on black and white photos due to not having a monochromatic picture. The demand for black and white photos and media have reduced since the twentieth century but have more recently become in demand.

http://www.articlesbase.com/art-and-entertainment-articles/the-origins-of-black-and-white-photography-573689.html

The Camera Lucida

The Camera Lucida was for those artists who wanted to quickly record a scene with the correct prospective. The original design of the camera was published by William Hyde Wollaston in 1807. His design used a four-sided glass prism with angles that measured, 90 degrees, 67.5 degrees, 135 degrees, and another 67.5 degrees. Basically the light from the sun’s rays shine through the prism reflecting an image. The four-sided prism is mounted on a small stand above a sheet of paper. Then if the eye is placed half over the prism, there is a reflected image on the sheet of paper which then can be traced onto the paper. The stand is screwed onto the table and is about six to eight inched high.
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/photography/photproces/cameralucid/history/history.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/90864/camera-lucida

Pinhole Camera

The first pinhole camera was invented by Alhazen, who was a great authority in optics in the time of the middle ages. Alhazen was able to why when a picture was being taken it was upside down. The pinhole camera was also called the Camera Obscura. The camera is a small-enclosed box with a little hole that is placed on either one of the sides on the camera. When the light is allowed to come through the small hole, an image of the object gets projected onto the opposite side of the box. In 1544 a German physicist and mathematician, Gemma Frisius used the concept of light projection in a small room to observe the solar eclipse, which is the first documented time that the pinhole method was used. The actual first photograph taken with a pinhole camera wasn’t until 1850 by a Scottish scientist name Sir David Bewster. The camera was not actually recognized in the terms of popularity until the 1960’s. The image that the pinhole creates is soft, the outlines of objects are not sharp, and due to the light conditions needs a long exposure to allow the light in. Due to the fact of needing a long exposure the camera doesn’t take frozen shots of motion.

http://www.video-surveillance-guide.com/pinhole-camera-history.htm

One of the First war photographers - Robert Fenton

Roger Fenton was bron in 1819 and died in 1869, he was one of the world’s first war photographers. He is profoundly known for photographing the Crimean War. Before this he studied at London U and then went on to study art in London and then later to Paris. He had failed as a painter and took interest in photography, observing the freedom that they had. In 1852 he traveled to Russia where his pictures were among the first ever to be seen in England, which meant that Roger was guaranteed fame. Later, in 1853, he formed and was the secretary of a Photographic Society. He was played an important role in photographing Queen Victoria’s family and the official British Museum photographer. The Crimean War lasted from 1853 to 1956 between Russia and the Turks, and involved the British and the French. In 1855 was commissioned to be the photographer and came out with over 350 pictures. He was one sided when taking his pictures and mostly showed propaganda and showed the well-being of the troops. He was looking to sell his pictures, not to show what war was really like. He didn’t photograph that actual battle that was going on, as he photographed the officials, signs, etc.

http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/fenton.htm